Modelling effects of changes in travel time and costs of toll road usage on choices for residential location, route and travel mode across population segments in the Jakarta-Bandung region, Indonesia

Abstract This paper provides insight into how variations in Level of Service (LoS) a toll road, socio-economic attributes, and latent factors simultaneously affect residential location, route, mode choices across population segments the Jakarta – Bandung region Indonesia. Three discrete choice models were developed based on stated-revealed preference survey choices. Our analysis shows that road usage affects both location preferences travel behaviour. influence varies income groups used also depends trip characteristics. Overall, respondents our prefer options, as shown by positive attitudes towards except for low-income bus users. Furthermore, we found significant association between route frequent users residents who live close to road. It means self-selection exists mode-route choice, it is linked distance gate frequency using high-income car are most sensitive increased costs.